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The Formative Stage or "Neo-Indian period" is a theoretical archaeological term applied to North and Meso-American societies that existed between 1000 BCE and 500 CE. It is the third of five stages defined by Gordon Willey and Philip Phillips' 1958 book ''Method and Theory in American Archaeology''. Cultures of the Formative Stage are supposed to possess the technologies of pottery, weaving, and developed food production. Social organization is supposed to involve permanent towns and villages, as well as the first ceremonial centers. Ideologically, an early priestly class or theocracy is often present or in development.〔Gordon R. Willey and Philip Phillips (1957). Method and Theory in American Archaeology. University of Chicago Press. ISBN 978-0-226-89888-9.〕 Examples of cultures considered to be Formative include the Adena, Olmec, Old Copper, Oasisamerica, Woodland, and Mississippian cultures. Sometimes also referred to as the "Pre-Classic stage". It followed the Archaic stage and was superseded by the Classic stage. # The Lithic stage # The Archaic stage # The Formative stage # The Classic stage # The Post-Classic stage ==See also== *Archaeology of the Americas * *Hopewell tradition *Fort Ancient *Mound builder (people) *List of Mesoamerican pyramids *List of archaeological periods (Mesoamerica) *South American Indigenous people *Southeastern Ceremonial Complex (North America) 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「formative stage」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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